As Europe accelerates its shift toward a greener and more resilient economy, biogases — biogas and biomethane — are emerging as a vital tool in tackling climate change, managing waste and boosting rural development. But while the technology is advancing rapidly, experts say the success of new projects increasingly depends on something far less technical: the trust and support of local communities.
Biogas and biomethane plants are often located near farms, waste facilities or residential areas. Even though public backing for clean energy is strong, residents sometimes resist the presence of infrastructure in their neighbourhoods — a dynamic widely known as the “Not In My Backyard” (NIMBY) effect.
Policymakers are not immune either, with the “Not In My Term of Office” (NIMTO) phenomenon discouraging elected officials from championing projects they fear may be unpopular.
The European Biogas Association (EBA) argues that developers must take a proactive role in explaining how biogas works, addressing concerns early and building transparent dialogue with communities. Without this, misinformation can spread quickly and trust can erode.
A growing European success story
Europe is the world’s largest producer of biogases. In 2023, the continent generated 22 bcm — equivalent to 7% of the EU’s natural gas consumption — from more than 21,000 plants.
Biomethane production reached 4.9 bcm and is the fastest-growing segment, with 85% of plants now connected to the gas grid.
Multiple studies suggest Europe could generate over 100 bcm of biogases by 2040, covering roughly 80% of the EU’s reduced gas demand.
That possibility makes biogases strategically important for energy security and for reducing reliance on unstable external suppliers.
Biogases also have a competitive edge: they are currently the most cost-effective renewable gas available in Europe, outperforming alternatives such as renewable hydrogen.
The barriers: Odour, traffic, feedstocks and trust
Despite their benefits, biogas projects often face local opposition. Concerns range from odour and traffic to the sustainability of feedstocks and their impact on the landscape.
Developers argue that modern plants are designed with strict environmental and safety standards.
Anaerobic digestion is largely odourless, and digestate is less pungent than raw manure. A typical biomethane plant generates traffic equivalent to deliveries at a medium-sized supermarket — usually fewer than 10 truck movements a day.
Methane leakage remains a serious issue, with independent tests showing loss rates around 1.2–1.6% on average.
Developers say robust monitoring, sealed infrastructure and proper maintenance are essential to preserve climate benefits and public confidence.
Water pollution risks from digestate can be mitigated through responsible spreading practices, winter catch crops and proper storage.
Engagement: The decisive factor
Experts consistently emphasise that communication can make or break a project. Engaging residents early helps prevent misinformation and allows developers to adapt plans in response to real concerns.
Effective strategies include:
- clear explanations of technology and benefits
- collaboration with local organisations
- open days and plant visits
- monitoring local media and social platforms
- visual materials and easy-to-understand statistics
- door-to-door contact in nearby communities
- partnerships with schools and local ambassadors
Community support tends to grow when residents feel heard, informed and involved — and when they directly benefit from the project.
Success stories across Europe
Real-world examples show that good communication and local involvement can transform scepticism into strong support.
France – Biométhane de l’Aisne
Operating since 2020, the plant works closely with farmers and local industries, supplies 21 municipalities and uses a 11-km pipe network to distribute digestate, reducing traffic. Early engagement and careful site selection helped secure public approval.
Germany – Fehrenbötel
This long-standing plant provides district heating for more than 650 homes. Regular communication with local authorities and residents, transparency on operations and open days have helped maintain strong community rapport.
Italy – Vanzetti Holstein
With a diverse feedstock mix and production of bio-LNG, biomethane and food-grade CO₂, the plant has invested heavily in community projects, charity support and educational initiatives. Former scepticism has turned into widespread backing.
A people-centred energy transition
The EBA stresses that community involvement is not a box-ticking exercise but a core pillar of successful biogas development.
When residents feel informed, valued and part of the process, projects are more likely to gain durable support and be replicated elsewhere.
